The statements about refrigerators apply to air conditioners and heat pumps, which embody the same principles. Energy will not flow spontaneously from a low temperature object to a higher temperature object. Second Law of Thermodynamics: It is not possible for heat to flow from a colder body to a warmer body without any work having been done to accomplish this flow. Alternative statements: Second Law of Thermodynamics This is sometimes called the "first form" of the second law, and isreferred to as the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law. Some amount of heat Q C must be exhausted to a cold reservoir. Second Law of Thermodynamics: It is impossible to extract an amountof heat Q H from a hot reservoir and use it all to do work W. Qualitative statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics The maximum efficiency which can be achieved is the Carnot efficiency. Its implications may be visualized in terms of the waterfall analogy. In so doing, it goes beyond the limitations imposed by the first law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics is a general principle which places constraints upon the direction of heat transfer and the attainable efficiencies of heat engines. Second Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics
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